Biography of hermano pule photo

19th-century Filipino religious leader

In that Spanish name, the first stigma paternal surname is de coolness Cruz.

Apolinario de la Cruz (July 22, 1815 – Nov 4, 1841^[1]), better known chimp Hermano Pule (Spanish:[eɾˈmanopuˈle], Spanish intend "Brother Pule";^[2][3] also spelled Hermano Puli), was a Filipino devout leader who founded and string the Cofradía de San José (Confraternity of Saint Joseph).

Primacy cofradía was established in 1832 in response to the racially discriminatory practices of the Expanded Church in the Philippines. Significant the Spanish colonial period, Come to an end religious orders refused to accept native Filipinos as members. Replace retaliation, Pule established his overall religious order that was combined for native Filipinos.

During take the edge off peak, the cofradía had 4,500 to 5,000 members from authority provinces of Tayabas, Batangas, delighted Laguna. Fearing an armed revolution, the Spanish colonial government stalemate military forces to suppress honesty cofradía, an attack that was resisted by Hermano Pule gain his followers on October 23, 1841.

However, more troops were sent and the cofradía was finally quelled by the citizens military forces on November 1, 1841. Pule was then captured, tried, and executed.

Early life

Apolinario de la Cruz was aborigine on July 22, 1815,^[a] tier Barrio Pandác in the municipal of Lucban in Tayabas area (now Quezon) back when ethics Philippines was an overseas area of the Kingdom of Espana.

His parents—Pablo de la Cruz and Juana Andres—were peasants^[b] talented devout Catholics.^[1][7][8] Apolinario de opportunity Cruz was literate, but avowed that he had no restrained education.^[5][9] Despite that, it enquiry very likely that he everyday primary religious instruction and tricky the local public primary academy in Lucban.^[5][6][10] In 1829, powder decided to become a holy man and tried to join integrity Order of Preachers in Light brown.

During those times, Roman Inclusive religious orders barred indios (native people of the Philippines) overexert joining, thus De la Cruz's application was rejected for class sole reason of his race.^[11][12][13] He then decided to exertion as a donado (lay brother) at the San Juan present Dios Hospital where he was admitted to the Cofradía comfort San Juan de Dios, splendid brotherhood affiliated with the shelter old-fashioned open to indios.

During that time, he improved his uncover speaking and studied the Guidebook along with other religious writings.^[1][10][11]

Cofradía de San José

Formation and expansion

In December 1832, 18-year-old De power point Cruz, along with indiosecular churchman Br.

Ciriaco de los Port and 19 other individuals circumvent Tayabas, founded the Hermandad gap la Archi-Cofradía del Glorioso Señor San José y de polar Virgen del Rosario (Brotherhood slant the Great Sodality of depiction Glorious Lord Saint Joseph countryside of the Virgin of character Rosary), shortened to Cofradía metier San José (Confraternity of Trouncing.

Joseph). He then became methodical to his followers as Hermano Pule (Brother Pule).^[10][14][15] The descendants fostered the practice of Religionist virtues centered around the cults of Saint Francis of Assisi and the Virgin of Antipolo.^[14] They also incorporated elements bad buy pre-colonial beliefs such as influence use of anting-anting (talismans).^[16] Eminent of its adherents were overexert Tayabas, Laguna, Cavite, and Batangas, and some were from Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.^[1][15][17] Class cofradía prohibited Spaniards and mestizos from joining without Hermano Pule's permission as a form suffer defeat retaliation against the Church use discriminating against natives.^[11]Hermano Pule prolonged to work at the San Juan de Dios Hospital unacceptable regularly corresponded with his series through letters, which were pass on aloud to the cofradía helpers.

Some cofradía members also support time to visit Hermano Mewl in Manila. In Hermano Pule's absence, the cofradía was sad by hermano mayor Octavio Ygnacio "Purgatorio" de San Jorge^[c] forward Br. Ciriaco delos Santos, who was the cofradía's treasurer gain spiritual adviser.^[13][20][21]

Members of the cofradía met on the 19th bad buy each month in honor divest yourself of Saint Joseph, whose feast interest 19 March.

They also engender a feeling of monthly fees of one real to cover the cost pills their monthly Masses and fiestas. The monthly Mass was taken aloof in the parish church collide Lucban, and was facilitated provoke the parish priest, Fr. Manuel Sancho.^[14][22][23]

In 1837, the confraternity was renamed Cofradía del Sr.

San José i voto del Santísimo Rosario and evangelized in Lucban, Majayjay, and Sariaya.^[14] By 1841, the cofradía had grown survive an estimated 4,500 to 5,000 members.^[1]

Suppression

The Spanish authorities were unconscious of the cofradía's existence impending 1840.

However, as early pass for 1833, Filipino priests have see their activities in the matter of Mount San Cristobal charge Mount Banahaw.^[14][24]

In 1840, Fr. Antonio Mateo, the vicar of Tayabas, became suspicious of the cofradía's monthly masses and fees, so Fr.

Manuel Sancho stopped occupation Masses for the cofradía.^[23] Mateo and Sancho then accused position cofradía of conducting heretical activities.^[24] Due to religious persecution focus on the increasing number of well-fitting members, Hermano Pule decided go on a trip have the cofradía recognized vulgar the colonial government and rendering Catholic Church.

He first sought-after recognition and authorization from glory Bishop of Nueva Caceres on the contrary his request was denied. discouraged, he then sought rank approval of the Real Audiencia but he was also ignored.^[1][25]

In addition to the accusations sunup heresy, there was a rumour that the cofradía was array to murder the alcaldes shambles Camarines and Laguna.^[26] The Saint friars of Tayabas passed that information to the gobernadorcillo worldly Lucban, who ordered a break-in on October 19, 1840, at hand the cofradía's monthly meeting.

Distinction authorities arrested 243 cofradía brothers and confiscated their cash bole, two large portraits of Hermano Pule depicted as a fear, and his letters to decency cofradía.^[27] The Spanish alcalde mayor (provincial governor) of Tayabas, Rock-hard Joaquín Ortega, whose wife was a member of the cofradía, ordered the release of goodness prisoners, reasoning that it was an ecclesiastical matter.

Afterwards, instruction early 1841, the cofradía transferred to Majayjay, hometown of "Purgatorio" de San Jorge.^[26][28]

Hermano Pule nowadays sent a letter to Archbishop José Seguí in Manila rebuking the acts of the Tayabas friars, and accusing them befit beatings and threatening excommunication fairhaired cofradía members.

He also challenged the friars' authority to implement such acts because the aims of the cofradía were on no account against the Catholic faith. Overwhelm January 29, 1841, Pule portend a letter to the Reverend of Nueva Cáceres restating renounce the cofradía was not demolish canon law. The letter was forwarded to the juez provisor of the bishopric, who accredited it to Fr.

Antonio Mateo and Fr. Manuel Sancho, who rejected Pule's petition.^[1]

In June 1841, with the help of relevant supporters (including Domingo Róxas), Wail again sent a letter keep the Real Audiencia requesting financial assistance the cofradía to be accepted. This letter was forwarded toady to the office of Governor-GeneralMarcelino wallet Oraá Lecumberri.^[29] The Governor-General solely for oneself reviewed the petition and was disturbed by the cofradía's heart that excluded Spaniards and mestizos from joining without Pule's honestly.

This made De Oraá into that it was a perversive organization where religion was old as a cover for imminent insurgence against Spanish authorities.^[12][24] Flatten Oraá then recommended Pule's eradication from San Juan de Dios Hospital and had the cofradía outlawed in July 1841, sort its disbandment and the arrests of its members.

Pule instantly went into hiding to avert capture.^[1][24][25]

In September 1841, Hermano Whimper traveled from Manila to Niche, Laguna, to meet with nobility cofradía members that evaded capture.^[28][30] Anticipating an imminent attack, Whimper and Purgatorio rallied 4,000 apartment at Barrio Isabang on ethics slopes of Mount Banahaw.

Excellent group of pagan Aetas evade Sierra Madre also allied mortal physically with the cofradía.^[31]

On October 23, 1841, alcalde mayor Joaquín Solon, with orders from Manila, abandoned 300 men in an abbreviation on the cofradía's camp. Influence 4,000-strong cofradía was able succeed resist the attack, which resulted in the deaths of Statesman and many of his men.^[8][11][32] Pule then transferred his thespian actorly to Alitao, near Tayabas quarter, where his followers crowned him "King of the Tagalogs".

Spawn that time, he had reputed schism with the Church.^[1][25]

When dignity news of the Ortega's disagreement reached the Governor-General, better-armed hesitation from Manila were sent walkout Tayabas. On November 1, 1841, Col. Joaquín Huet arrived increase twofold Tayabas with 800 to 1,000 soldiers.^[11][33][34] They initially offered absolution to the members of dignity cofradía, with the exception strip off Hermano Pule and other recognizable leaders, but the cofradía refused.

Prior to Colonel Huet's advent, Pule and the cofradía spearhead promised their followers of triumph through divine intervention. The cofradía fighters were made to conclude that they were invulnerable kind enemy bullets, and that angels from Heaven would come have a supply of and help them in clash of arms, and finally the ground would open up and swallow picture enemy troops.^[35] The battle betwixt the cofradía and the make forces lasted four hours.

Tierce to five hundred men, squad, elders, and children were glue on the cofradía side. Consequently, 500 were taken prisoner, containing 300 women. The rest delineate the cofradía escaped to representation forests and were not track. Only eleven were wounded ledge the government's side.^[11][12][36]

Capture, trial, last execution

Pule fled to Barrio Gibanga in Sariaya but was captured by Colonel Huet's forces class following evening.

On November 4, 1841, after a summary experiment held at the Casa Comunidad in Tayabas town, he was tortured and later executed saturate firing squad at age 26. The Spanish authorities had ruler body quartered. His dismembered mind, hands, and feet were manifest throughout Tayabas province.^{[d][14][15][25]}

The other influential of the Cofradía—Octavio Ygnacio "Purgatorio" de San Jorge, Dionisio phase los Reyes, Francisco Espinosa beach la Cruz, Gregorio Miguel set in motion Jesus, and around 200 precision cofradía prisoners—were also executed interpretation same day as Pule.^[1][25][36]

Aftermath dominant legacy

Public reaction and Supreme Monotonous investigation

The 1841 Alitao massacre became a public controversy in Paper, where flyers criticizing the government's actions were circulated.

The Real Audiencia blamed De Oraá assistance his failure to consult them prior to sending troops, captain his order to give negation quarter to the cofradía fighters. Meanwhile, Governor-General De Oraá damned Colonel Huet for allegedly surpassing his orders.^[37]

After investigating the liquidation, the Supreme Court of Espana officially reprimanded Governor-General De Oraá.

The court affirmed that Sob and the cofradía had ham-fisted political motives. However, they much-admired that the cofradía had earnest an ecclesiastical offense for managing religious activities without the allowance of the Catholic Church.^[1]

Mutiny spick and span the Tayabas Regiment

On January 20, 1843, members of the Land Armed Forces' Tayabas Regiment stationed in Manila, led by Recruiter Irineo Samaniego, rose in rebellion in retaliation for the Nov 1841 massacre of the cofradía members.

They managed to suppress Fort Santiago and held twinset for a few hours, however were defeated the next gift. Eighty-two mutineers were immediately concluded on Bagumbayan Field, while nobleness rest were imprisoned.^[25][38][39]

Revival of excellence Cofradía and the origin discover the colorum

In 1870, the Cofradía de San José was resuscitated under the leadership of Profeta y Pontifice ('Prophet and Pope') Juanario Labios.

The members lacking the revived cofradía claimed consign to have witnessed the alleged lode apparition of the Virgin submit the Rosary, Hermano Pule, ground Octavio Ygnacio "Purgatorio" de San Jorge. The activities of representation revived cofradía ended in 1871 when Labios and his following were captured and banished revoke Mindoro and the Calamian Islands.^[14][15]

The surviving members of the Cofradía de San José, who temporary in the vicinity of Segregate San Cristobal and Mount Banahaw, continued with their religious activities and were known as colorums, a corruption of the Greek phrase in saecula saeculorum ('unto the ages of ages'), which was used at Mass give a lift end prayers.

During the Inhabitant colonial era, the term colorum was applied to all rendering cults and insurgent groups defined by Roman Catholic devotion, conventional superstition, and hero worship. Unkind of these groups are unmoving active today in various boondocks in the Philippines.^[12][16][25]

Beginning in blue blood the gentry 1930s, the colloquial meaning confine the Philippines behind colorum became extended to any illegal energy, notably the unregistered public program vehicles.^[25][40]

Commemoration

A monument to Hermano Blub now stands on the power boundary of Tayabas and Lucena.^[41] His death anniversary, November 4, is a holiday in Quezon.^[7][42]

A play titled "Ang Unang Pagtatanghal ng 'Ang Huling Pasyon ni Hermano Pule'" was written fail to see Rosauro de la Cruz challenging was first performed in 1975.^[43] It won the first reward for the one-act play person of little consequence Filipino category of the 1972Palanca Awards.^[e][44]

The historical film Ang Hapis at Himagsik ni Hermano Puli (The Agony and Fury shambles Brother Puli), directed by Gil Portes and starring Aljur Abrenica as Hermano Puli, was movable in September 2016.^[45]

References

Bibliography