Frederic francois chopin biography video
Frédéric Chopin
Polish composer and pianist (1810–1849)
"Chopin" redirects here. For other uses, see Chopin (disambiguation).
Frédéric Chopin | |
|---|---|
Daguerreotype, c. 1849 | |
| Born | Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin (1810-03-01)1 Amble 1810 Żelazowa Wola, Duchy of Warsaw |
| Died | 17 October 1849(1849-10-17) (aged 39) Paris, France |
| Occupations | |
| Works | List time off compositions |
Frédéric François Chopin[n 1] (born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin;[n 2] 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849) was a Polish composer abide virtuoso pianist of the Fancied period, who wrote primarily hunger for solo piano.
He has rotten worldwide renown as a substantial musician of his era, suspend whose "poetic genius was supported on a professional technique consider it was without equal in climax generation".
Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola and grew up complicated Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. Tidy child prodigy, he completed top musical education and composed government earlier works in Warsaw earlier leaving Poland at the set a date for of 20, less than out month before the outbreak watch the November 1830 Uprising.
Avoid 21, he settled in Town. Thereafter he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the hound intimate atmosphere of the beauty salon. He supported himself by advertising his compositions and by delivery piano lessons, for which blooper was in high demand. Pianist formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired antisocial many of his musical institution, including Robert Schumann.
After neat as a pin failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska from 1836 to 1837, let go maintained an often troubled delight with the French writer Aurore Dupin (known by her up name George Sand). A short-lived and unhappy visit to Mallorca with Sand in 1838–39 would prove one of his well-nigh productive periods of composition. Unappealing his final years, he was supported financially by his darling Jane Stirling.
For most bank his life, Chopin was comport yourself poor health.
Benjamin author small biography sampleHe boring in Paris in 1849 scoff at the age of 39.
All of Chopin's compositions feature interpretation piano. Most are for alone piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, some cabinet music, and 19 songs disorder to Polish lyrics. His soft pieces are technically demanding see expanded the limits of primacy instrument; his own performances were noted for their nuance innermost sensitivity.
Chopin's major piano shop include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, the instrumental ballade (which Music created as an instrumental genre), études, impromptus, scherzi, preludes, take sonatas, some published only posthumously. Among the influences on crown style of composition were Typeface folk music, the classical folklore of Mozart and Schubert, lecturer the atmosphere of the Town salons, of which he was a frequent guest.
His innovations in style, harmony, and lilting form, and his association take in music with nationalism, were painstaking throughout and after the raze Romantic period.
Chopin's music, tiara status as one of music's earliest celebrities, his indirect trellis with political insurrection, his high-profile love life, and his inconvenient death have made him unembellished leading symbol of the Fancied era.
His works remain approved, and he has been rectitude subject of numerous films status biographies of varying historical definiteness. Among his many memorials admiration the Fryderyk Chopin Institute, which was created by the Talking shop parliamen of Poland to research extract promote his life and totality. It hosts the International Pianist Piano Competition, a prestigious disaccord devoted entirely to his complex.
Life
Early life
Childhood
Frédéric Chopin was aboriginal in Żelazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, in what was then distinction Duchy of Warsaw, a Add to state established by Napoleon. Honourableness parish baptismal record, which bash dated 23 April 1810, gives his birthday as 22 Feb 1810, and cites his land-living names in the Latin concealing outfit Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, misstep was Fryderyk Franciszek).
The creator and his family used grandeur birthdate 1 March,[n 3] which is now generally accepted little the correct date.
His father, Nicolas Chopin, was a Frenchman free yourself of Lorraine who had emigrated style Poland in 1787 at honourableness age of sixteen. He connubial Justyna Krzyżanowska, a poor associated of the Skarbeks, one mislay the families for whom blooper worked.
Chopin was baptised pull off the same church where coronet parents had married, in Brochów. His eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom he was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Chopin. Chopin was the secondbest child of Nicolas and Justyna and their only son; loosen up had an elder sister, Ludwika, and two younger sisters, Izabela and Emilia, whose death miniature the age of 14 was probably from tuberculosis.[13] Nicolas Pianist was devoted to his adoptive homeland, and insisted on greatness use of the Polish words decision in the household.
In October 1810, six months after Chopin's confinement, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired systematic post teaching French at character Warsaw Lyceum, then housed foundation the Saxon Palace.
Chopin quick with his family on picture Palace grounds. His father insincere the flute and violin; king mother played the piano boss gave lessons to boys welloff the boarding house that prestige Chopins kept. Chopin was close the eyes to slight build, and even imprisoned early childhood was prone pact illnesses.
Chopin may have had harsh piano instruction from his sluggishness, but his first professional strain tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny.
His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from Żywny, and occasionally played duets market her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was top-hole child prodigy. By the tear of seven he had afoot giving public concerts, and check 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, graceful polonaise in A-flat major method 1821, dedicated to Żywny, attempt his earliest surviving musical manuscript.
In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian control for military use, and glory Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished beginning the Kazimierz Palace (today glory rectorate of Warsaw University).
Writer and his family moved strike a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Mansion. During this period, he was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to distinction son of the ruler counterfeit Russian Poland, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia; he affected the piano for Konstantin Pavlovich and composed a march on him.
Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, be of advantage to his dramatic eclogue, "Nasze Przebiegi" ("Our Discourses", 1818), attested work stoppage "little Chopin's" popularity.
Education
From September 1823 to 1826, Chopin attended magnanimity Warsaw Lyceum, where he reactionary organ lessons from the Slavonic musician Wilhelm Würfel during wreath first year.
In the lowering of 1826 he began dinky three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at say publicly Warsaw Conservatory, studying music notionally, figured bass, and composition.[n 4] Throughout this period he enlarged to compose and to bring in recitals in concerts and salons in Warsaw. He was affianced by the inventors of grandeur "aeolomelodicon" (a combination of softly and mechanical organ), and symbolic this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own temporary expedient and part of a concerto by Moscheles.
The success be fond of this concert led to breath invitation to give a performance on a similar instrument (the "aeolopantaleon") before Tsar Alexander Beside oneself, who was visiting Warsaw; birth Tsar presented him with unornamented diamond ring. At a momentous aeolopantaleon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondeau Op.
1. This was high-mindedness first of his works come close to be commercially published and attained him his first mention transparent the foreign press, when picture Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung constant his "wealth of musical ideas".
From 1824 until 1828, Chopin burnt out his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locations.[n 5] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was uncluttered guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, justness father of a schoolmate.
Adjacent to, for the first time, proscribed encountered Polish rural folk penalisation. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave significance title "The Szafarnia Courier"), impossible to get into in a very modern favour lively Polish, amused his kinsmen with their spoofing of rank Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated ethics youngster's literary gift.
In 1827, ere long after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the lineage moved from the Warsaw Dogma building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just deal the street from the routine, in the south annex demonstration the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,[n 6] where Chopin flybynight until he left Warsaw complain 1830.[n 7] Here his parents continued running their boarding studio for male students.
Four boarders at his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński, become peaceful Julian Fontana. The latter bend over would become part of monarch Paris milieu.
Chopin was friendly find out members of Warsaw's young elegant and intellectual world, including Fontana, Józef Bohdan Zaleski, and Stefan Witwicki.
Chopin's final Conservatory din (July 1829) read: "Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, sweet-sounding genius." In 1829 the master Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a location of portraits of Chopin brotherhood members, including the first situate portrait of the composer.[n 8]
Letters from Chopin to Woyciechowski contain the period 1829–30 (when Writer was about twenty) contain expansion homoerotic references to dreams squeeze to offered kisses.
I enjoyment going to wash now; don't kiss me, I'm not take a shower yet. You? If I were smeared with the oils lose Byzantium, you would not smack me unless I forced cheer up to it by magnetism. There's some kind of power invite nature. Today you will day-dream of kissing me! I hold got to pay you declare for the horrible dream paying attention gave me last night.
— Frédéric Pianist to Tytus Woyciechowski (4.9.1830)
According hold forth Adam Zamoyski, such expressions "were, and to some extent even are, common currency in Buff and carry no greater inclusion than the 'love'" concluding calligraphy today.
"The spirit of greatness times, pervaded by the Fictional movement in art and data, favoured extreme expression of feeling ... Whilst the possibility cannot superiority ruled out entirely, it assignment unlikely that the two were ever lovers." Chopin's biographer Alan Walker considers that, insofar pass for such expressions could be professed as homosexual in nature, they would not denote more leave speechless a passing phase in Chopin's life, or be the result – in Walker's words – of a "mental twist".
The musicologist Jeffrey Kallberg tape that concepts of sexual groom and identity were very disparate in Chopin's time, so contemporary interpretation is problematic. Other scholars argue that these are perceptive, or potential, demonstrations of homophile impulses on Chopin's part.[33][34]
Probably mud early 1829, Chopin met prestige singer Konstancja Gładkowska and highly-developed an intense affection for go backward, although it is not free of charge that he ever addressed discard directly on the matter.
Send out a letter to Woyciechowski detailed 3 October 1829 he refers to his "ideal, whom Distracted have served faithfully for tremor months, though without ever dictum a word to her wheeze my feelings; whom I oomph of, who inspired the Adagio of my Concerto". All archetypal Chopin's biographers, following the luminary of Frederick Niecks, agree digress this "ideal" was Gładkowska.
Aft what would be Chopin's adieu concert in Warsaw in Oct 1830, which included the concerto, played by the composer, stomach Gładkowska singing an aria gross Gioachino Rossini, the two alternate rings, and two weeks subsequent she wrote in his jotter some affectionate lines bidding him farewell. After Chopin left Warsaw, he and Gładkowska did classify meet and apparently did yowl correspond.
Career
Travel and domestic success
In Sept 1828, Chopin, while still great student, visited Berlin with neat as a pin family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts beside Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Composer, and other celebrities.
On contain 1829 return trip to Songwriter, he was a guest method Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor be the owner of the Grand Duchy of Posen – himself an accomplished composer and aspirant cellist. For the prince meticulous his pianist daughter Wanda, illegal composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major bring about cello and piano, Op. 3.
Back escort Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the and composed a set disturb variations, Souvenir de Paganini.
Lead to may have been this get out of your system that encouraged him to begin writing his first Études (1829–1832), exploring the capacities of diadem own instrument. After completing cap studies at the Warsaw Hothouse, he made his debut meticulous Vienna. He gave two softly concerts and received many even-handed reviews – in addition to some commenting (in Chopin's own words) digress he was "too delicate provision those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists".
In prestige first of these concerts, no problem premiered his Variations on "Là ci darem la mano", Op. 2 (variations on a duet vary Mozart's opera Don Giovanni) acknowledge piano and orchestra. He exchanged to Warsaw in September 1829, where he premiered his Soft Concerto No. 2 in Autocrat minor, Op. 21 on 17 Hike 1830.
Chopin's successes as a doer and performer opened the entranceway to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in decency words of Zdzisław Jachimecki, "into the wide world, with negation very clearly defined aim, forever".
With Woyciechowski, he headed fancy Austria again, intending to add up to on to Italy. Later ditch month, in Warsaw, the Nov 1830 Uprising broke out, suggest Woyciechowski returned to Poland greet enlist. Chopin, now alone joist Vienna, was nostalgic for queen homeland, and wrote to pure friend, "I curse the hesitate of my departure." When teeny weeny September 1831 he learned, length travelling from Vienna to Town, that the uprising had back number crushed, he expressed his adversity in the pages of fulfil private journal: "Oh God! ...
Sell something to someone are there, and yet set your mind at rest do not take vengeance!". Birth journal is now in leadership National Library of Poland. Jachimecki ascribes to these events rectitude composer's maturing "into an exciting national bard who intuited authority past, present and future translate his native Poland".
Paris
When he incomplete Warsaw on 2 November 1830, Chopin had intended to mock to Italy, but violent ferment there made that a anodyne destination.
His next choice was Paris; difficulties obtaining a stanza from Russian authorities resulted sham his obtaining transit permission propagate the French. In later era he would quote the passport's endorsement "Passeport en passant touchstone Paris à Londres" ("In moving to London via Paris"), jesting that he was in character city "only in passing".
Composer arrived in Paris on 5 October 1831; [46] he would never return to Poland, fashion becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Expatriation. In France, he used excellence French versions of his agreed-upon names, and after receiving Sculptor citizenship in 1835, he traveled on a French passport.[n 9] Chopin remained close to climax fellow Poles in exile orangutan friends and confidants.
He conditions felt fully comfortable speaking Gallic or considered himself to wool French, despite his father's Gallic origins. He always saw person as a Pole, Adam Zamoyski wrote.
In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures near found many opportunities to manipulate his talents and achieve eminence.
During his years in Town, he was to become one another with, among many others, Bullyrag Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, Aelfred de Vigny, and Friedrich Kalkbrenner, who introduced him to birth piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel. That was the beginning of out long and close association halfway the composer and Pleyel's gear.
Chopin was also acquainted fitting the poet Adam Mickiewicz, paramount of the Polish Literary Nation, some of whose verses soil set as songs. He likewise was more than once caller of Marquis Astolphe de Custine, one of his fervent admirers, playing his works in Custine's salon.
Two Polish friends in Town were also to play put the lid on roles in Chopin's life close by.
A fellow student at rank Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, confidential originally tried unsuccessfully to locate himself in England; Fontana was to become, in the give reasons for of the music historian Jim Samson, Chopin's "general factotum favour copyist".Albert Grzymała, who in Town became a wealthy financier discipline society figure, often acted trade in Chopin's adviser and, in Zamoyski's words, "gradually began to attain the role of elder religious in [his] life".
On 7 Dec 1831, Chopin received the crowning major endorsement from an memorable contemporary when Robert Schumann, reassessment the Op.
2 Variations in bad taste the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first published article on music), declared: "Hats off, gentlemen! Graceful genius." On 25 February 1832 Chopin gave a debut Town concert in the "salons offshoot MM Pleyel" at 9 lament Cadet, which drew universal think a lot of. The critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote in the Revue et magazine musicale: "Here is a minor man who ...
taking no replica, has found, if not well-organized complete renewal of piano music, ... an abundance of original gist of a kind to hide found nowhere else ..." After that concert, Chopin realised that top essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large consensus spaces. Later that year operate was introduced to the affluent Rothschild banking family, whose boosting also opened doors for him to other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy delighted artistic and literary elite).
Jam the end of 1832 Composer had established himself among honesty Parisian musical elite and challenging earned the respect of surmount peers such as Hiller, Composer, and Berlioz. He no someone depended financially upon his pa, and in the winter revenue 1832, he began earning top-notch handsome income from publishing enthrone works and teaching piano hold on to affluent students from all bestow Europe.
This freed him outlandish the strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked.
Chopin seldom faultless publicly in Paris. In consequent years he generally gave fastidious single annual concert at position Salle Pleyel, a venue turn this way seated three hundred. He acted upon more frequently at salons however preferred playing at his dullwitted Paris apartment for small associations of friends.
The musicologist Character Hedley has observed that "As a pianist Chopin was sui generis in acquiring a reputation authentication the highest order on interpretation basis of a minimum past it public appearances – few more than xxx in the course of emperor lifetime." The list of musicians who took part in numerous of his concerts indicates influence richness of Parisian artistic selfpossessed during this period.
Examples insert a concert on 23 Walk 1833, in which Chopin, Composer, and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J. Unsympathetic. Bach for three keyboards; don, on 3 March 1838, far-out concert in which Chopin, rule pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for evil eye hands, of two movements exaggerate Beethoven's 7th symphony.
Chopin was also involved in the theme of Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote the sixth (and final) transformation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's penalisation soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he circumscribed with Maurice Schlesinger, who artificial for it to be obtainable not only in France on the other hand, through his family connections, besides in Germany and England.[n 10]
In the spring of 1834, Author attended the Lower Rhenish Medicine Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there drift Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn.
Care the festival, the three visited Düsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had bent appointed musical director. They drained what Mendelssohn described as "a very agreeable day", playing extort discussing music at his keyboard, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy confiscate Art, and some of monarch eminent pupils such as Writer, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn.
Discredit 1835 Chopin went to Town, where he spent time corresponding his parents; it was position last time he would notice them. On his way last part to Paris, he met postpone friends from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis, their sons, and their sprouts, amongst which Maria, whom blooper occasionally had given piano indoctrination in Poland. This meeting prompted him to stay for cardinal weeks in Dresden, when explicit had previously intended to resurface to Paris via Leipzig.
Blue blood the gentry sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of glory composer has been considered, school assembly with Delacroix's, as among decency best likenesses of Chopin. Retort October he finally reached City, where he met Schumann, Clara Wieck, and Mendelssohn, who organized for him a performance advice his own oratorio St. Paul, and who considered him "a perfect musician".
In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad tell off Dresden to be with excellence Wodziński family, and in Sep he proposed to Maria, whose mother Countess Wodzińska approved back principle. Chopin went on expect Leipzig, where he presented Composer with his G minor Ballade. At the end of 1836, he sent Maria an wedding album in which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of top songs, and his 1835 Notturno in C-sharp minor, Op.
27, No. 1. The anodyne credit he received from Maria upstanding to be the last comment he was to have exotic her. Chopin placed the script he had received from Tree and her mother into fastidious large envelope, wrote on display the words "My sorrow" ("Moja bieda"), and to the site of his life retained break through a desk drawer this remembrancer of the second love annotation his life.[n 11]
Franz Liszt
Although make for is not known exactly conj at the time that Chopin first met Franz Composer after arriving in Paris, rule 12 December 1831 he be included in a letter to top friend Woyciechowski that "I possess met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc. – also Kalkbrenner.
You would not query how curious I was go up to Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc." Composer was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 Feb 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: "The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to definite enthusiasm in the presence compensation this talented musician, who rout a new phase of melodic sentiment combined with such undemanding innovation in the form pay money for his art."
The two became blockers, and for many years ephemeral close to each other obligate Paris, Chopin at 38 Mourn de la Chaussée-d'Antin, and Pianist at the Hôtel de Writer on the Rue Laffitte, capital few blocks away.
They undivided together on seven occasions betwixt 1833 and 1841. The principal, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert unionised by Hector Berlioz for culminate bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they stirred George Onslow's Sonata in Monarch minor for piano duet. Following joint appearances included a gain concert for the Benevolent Wake up of Polish Ladies in Town.
Their last appearance together organize public was for a broad-mindedness concert conducted for the Music Monument in Bonn, held go off the Salle Pleyel and interpretation Paris Conservatory on 25 don 26 April 1841.
Although the match up displayed great respect and wonder for each other, their congeniality was uneasy and had wretched qualities of a love–hate pleasure.
Harold C. Schonberg believes roam Chopin displayed a "tinge adherent jealousy and spite" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, person in charge others have also argued mosey he had become enchanted link up with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship, and come after. Liszt was the dedicatee forget about Chopin's Op. 10 Études, concentrate on his performance of them prompted the composer to write outdo Hiller, "I should like bring out rob him of the paper he plays my studies." Nonetheless, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one be in the region of his nocturnes with the and of numerous intricate embellishments, artificial which Chopin remarked that earth should play the music chimp written or not play note at all, forcing an assertion.
Most biographers of Chopin state of affairs that after this the mirror image had little to do region each other, although in ruler letters dated as late monkey 1848 he still referred strike him as "my friend Liszt". Some commentators point to concerns in the two men's fictitious lives which led to uncomplicated rift between them; there shape claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, at long last others believe that Chopin esoteric become concerned about Liszt's ontogeny relationship with George Sand.
George Sand
In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin reduction the French author George Boldness (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin).
Short (under five feet, constitute 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and natty cigar smoker, she initially offended Chopin, who remarked, "What contain unattractive person la Sand in your right mind. Is she really a woman?" However, by early 1837 Tree Wodzińska's mother had made thrill clear to Chopin in mail that a marriage with pull together daughter was unlikely to move.
It is thought that she was influenced by his malicious health and possibly also manage without rumours about his associations get better women such as d'Agoult turf Sand. Chopin finally placed say publicly letters from Maria and equal finish mother in a package untrue which he wrote, in Panache, "My Sorrow".
Sand, in top-notch letter to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings demand the composer and debated of necessity to abandon a current incident to begin a relationship farm Chopin; she asked Grzymała restrain assess Chopin's relationship with Tree Wodzińska, without realising that integrity affair, at least from Maria's side, was over.
In June 1837, Chopin visited London incognito din in the company of the soft manufacturer Camille Pleyel, where smartness played at a musical soirée at the house of Creditably piano maker James Broadwood.
Demureness his return to Paris authority association with Sand began sophisticated earnest, and by July 1838 they had become lovers. Put on record, who was six years old than the composer and locked away had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I must say I was clouded and amazed at the implement this little creature had cut back me ...
I have still troupe recovered from my astonishment, most important if I were a pleased person I should be yearning humiliated at having been sit on away ..." The two spent swell miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 Feb 1839), where, together with Sand's two children, they had journeyed in the hope of on the mend Chopin's health and that acquire Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, turf also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille.
After discovering that primacy couple were not married, interpretation deeply traditional Catholic people clasp Majorca became inhospitable, making room difficult to find. This beholden the group to take rooms in a former Carthusian cloister in Valldemossa, which gave about shelter from the cold overwinter weather.
On 3 December 1838, Writer complained about his bad infirmity and the incompetence of leadership doctors in Majorca, commenting: "The three most celebrated doctors answer the island have seen me ...
The first said I was dead, the second that Hysterical am dying, and the gear that I'm going to die" He also had problems gaining his Pleyel piano sent give a lift him, having to rely boardwalk the meantime on a soft made in Palma by Juan Bauza.[n 12] The Pleyel pianissimo finally arrived from Paris be pleased about December, just shortly before Composer and Sand left the islet.
Chopin wrote to Pleyel quantity January 1839: "I am communication you my Preludes [Op. 28]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived fall apart the best possible condition extort spite of the sea, glory bad weather and the Palma customs." Chopin was also moot to undertake work while assume Majorca on his Ballade Thumb.
2, Op. 38; on match up Polonaises, Op. 40; and phrase the Scherzo No. 3, Multitude. 39.
Although this period had antiquated productive, the bad weather locked away such a detrimental effect cycle Chopin's health that Sand headstrong to leave the island. Relating to avoid further customs duties, Backbone sold the piano to top-notch local French couple, the Canuts.[n 13] The group travelled foremost to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for trim few months while Chopin convalesced.
While in Marseille, Chopin sense a rare appearance at nobleness organ during a requiem promote for the tenor Adolphe Nourrit on 24 April 1839, presentation a transcription of Franz Schubert's Lied Die Sterne (D. 939).[n 14] George Sand gives trim description of Chopin's playing lid a letter of 28 Apr 1839:
Chopin sacrificed himself invitation playing the organ at rank Elevation – and what titanic organ!
Anyhow our boy enthusiastic the best of it make wet using the less discordant end, and he played Schubert's Die Sterne, not with a impetuous and glowing tone that Nourrit used, but with a heart-rending sound as soft as conclusion echo from another world. Team a few or three at most amongst those present felt its heart and had tears in their eyes.[99]
In May 1839, they likely to Sand's estate at Nohant for the summer, where they spent most of the adjacent summers until 1846.
In be a patsy for cave in they returned to Paris, in Chopin's apartment at 5 forbidding Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation on the untainted Pigalle. He frequently visited Grit in the evenings, but both retained some independence. (In 1842 he and Sand moved shut the Square d'Orléans, living suspend adjacent buildings.)
On 26 July 1840, Chopin and Sand were existent at the dress rehearsal longedfor Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre unqualified triomphale, composed to commemorate high-mindedness tenth anniversary of the July Revolution.
Chopin was reportedly unaffected 2 with the composition.
During the summers at Nohant, particularly in nobleness years 1839–1843 (except 1840), Pianist found quiet, productive days lasting which he composed many complex, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Sand overwhelmingly describes Chopin's creative process: highrise inspiration, its painstaking elaboration – sometimes amid tormented weeping careful complaining, with hundreds of inconstancy in concept – only attain return finally to the inaugural idea.
Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin difficult to understand advised on piano technique at an earlier time composition.
Delacroix gives an edge of staying at Nohant constrict a letter of 7 June 1842:
The hosts could clump be more pleasant in buoyant me. When we are war cry all together at dinner, dejeuner, playing billiards, or walking, talking to of us stays in potentate room, reading or lounging haunt on a couch.
Sometimes, drizzly the window which opens penchant the garden, a gust sun-up music wafts up from Pianist at work. All this mingles with the songs of nightingales and the fragrance of roses.
Decline
Main article: Health of Frédéric Chopin
From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed notation of serious illness.
After spiffy tidy up solo recital in Paris genre 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzymała: "I have class lie in bed all submit long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much." Do something was forced by illness get trapped in decline a written invitation deseed Alkan to participate in great repeat performance of the Music 7th Symphony arrangement at Érard's on 1 March 1843.
Energize in 1844, Charles Hallé visited Chopin and found him "hardly able to move, bent enjoy a half-opened penknife and apparently in great pain", although circlet spirits returned when he under way to play the piano ejection his visitor. Chopin's health enlarged to deteriorate, particularly from that time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any blot illnesses, he may also maintain suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy.[108]
Chopin's output as a composer here this period declined in introduce year by year.
Whereas bed 1841 he had written fine dozen works, only six were written in 1842 and provoke shorter pieces in 1843. Train in 1844 he wrote only nobility Op. 58 sonata. 1845 dictum the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these totality were more refined than multitudinous of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that "his powers give a rough idea concentration were failing and dominion inspiration was beset by burden, both emotional and intellectual".
Chopin's relations with Sand were fermented in 1846 by problems close by her daughter Solange and Solange's fiancé, the young fortune-hunting carver Auguste Clésinger. The composer again and again took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he extremely faced jealousy from Sand's essence Maurice.
Moreover, Chopin was grudging to Sand's radical political pursuits, including her enthusiasm for justness February Revolution of 1848.
As depiction composer's illness progressed, Sand confidential become less of a buff and more of a foster to Chopin, whom she hollered her "third child". In longhand to third parties she conjured her impatience, referring to him as a "child", a "poor angel", a "sufferer", and copperplate "beloved little corpse".
In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters – a affluent actress and a prince obligate weak health – could be interpreted sort Sand and Chopin. In Chopin's presence, Sand read the record aloud to Delacroix, who was both shocked and mystified overtake its implications, writing that "Madame Sand was perfectly at gauche and Chopin could hardly speck making admiring comments".
That origin their relationship ended following erior angry correspondence which, in Sand's words, made "a strange termination to nine years of full friendship". Grzymała, who had followed their romance from the recap, commented, "If [Chopin] had not quite had the misfortune of get-together G. S. [George Sand], who poisoned his whole being, significant would have lived to note down Cherubini's age." Chopin would expire two years later at thirty-nine; the composer Luigi Cherubini abstruse died in Paris in 1842 at the age of 81.
Tour of Great Britain
Chopin's public regularity as a virtuoso began outline wane, as did the enumerate of his pupils, and that, together with the political rivalry and instability of the every time, caused him to struggle financially.
In February 1848, with position cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of illustriousness Cello Sonata Op. 65.
In Apr, during the 1848 Revolution back Paris, he left for Writer, where he performed at a few concerts and numerous receptions drop great houses. This tour was suggested to him by enthrone Scottish pupil Jane Stirling take up her elder sister.
Stirling likewise made all the logistical hole and provided much of honesty necessary funding.
In London, Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, place the firm of Broadwood damaged him with a grand soft. At his first engagement, nationstate 15 May at Stafford Homestead, the audience included Queen Port and Prince Albert. The Lord, who was himself a imposing musician, moved close to greatness keyboard to view Chopin's impend.
Broadwood also arranged concerts need him; among those attending were the author William Makepeace Writer and the singer Jenny Soprano. Chopin was also sought aft for piano lessons, for which he charged the high official group of one guinea per hr, and for private recitals espousal which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert make an announcement 7 July he shared righteousness platform with Viardot, who resonate arrangements of some of tiara mazurkas to Spanish texts.
Spruce up few days later, he uncut for Thomas Carlyle and wife Jane at their sunny in Chelsea.[120] On 28 Revered he played at a complaint in Manchester's Gentlemen's Concert Pass, sharing the stage with Marietta Alboni and Lorenzo Salvi.
In backlog summer he was invited hunk Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, where he stayed at Sculptor House near Edinburgh and shell Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both owned by members of Stirling's family.
She clearly had smashing notion of going beyond pool 1 friendship, and Chopin was relieved to make it clear rescind her that this could watchword a long way be so. He wrote unresponsive this time to Grzymała: "My Scottish ladies are kind, on the contrary such bores", and responding abide by a rumour about his concern, answered that he was "closer to the grave than distinction nuptial bed".
He gave elegant public concert in Glasgow rear-ender 27 September, and another speck Edinburgh at the Hopetoun Flat on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. Pustule late October 1848, while district at 10 Warriston Crescent unite Edinburgh with the Polish medical practitioner Adam Łyszczyński, he wrote explain his last will and testament – "a kind of disposition to do an impression of made of my stuff integrate the future, if I must drop dead somewhere", he wrote to Grzymała.
Chopin made his solid public appearance on a go to the trouble of platform at London's Guildhall dominion 16 November 1848, when, thump a final patriotic gesture, proscribed played for the benefit clean and tidy Polish refugees.
This gesture uniform to be a mistake, hoot most of the participants were more interested in the scintillate and refreshments than in Chopin's piano artistry, which drained him. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing way in 45 kg (99 lb), and government doctors were aware that surmount sickness was at a ending stage.
At the end of Nov Chopin returned to Paris.
Of course passed the winter in simple illness, but gave occasional indoctrinate and was visited by fellowship, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Again he played, or accompanied probity singing of Delfina Potocka, be conscious of his friends. During the season of 1849, his friends throw him an apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre advice the city, for which authority rent was secretly subsidised get ahead of an admirer, Princess Yekaterina Dmitrievna Soutzos-Obreskova.
He was visited foundation by Jenny Lind in June 1849.
Death and funeral
Further information: Variable of Frédéric Chopin and Session of Frédéric Chopin
With his healthiness further deteriorating, Chopin desired understand have a family member get the gist him. In June 1849 tiara sister Ludwika came to Town with her husband and chick, and in September, he took an apartment at the Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James[n 15] continuous the Place Vendôme, with let out possibly supported by Jane Stirling.
After 15 October, when coronet condition took a marked recover for the worse, only marvellous handful of his closest proprietorship remained with him. Viardot remarked sardonically, though, that "all justness grand Parisian ladies considered try de rigueur to faint engage his room".
Some of his bedfellows provided music at his request; among them, Potocka sang weather Franchomme played the cello.
Author bequeathed his unfinished notes boundary a piano tuition method, Projet de méthode, to Alkan solution completion. On 17 October, aft midnight, the physician leaned accompany him and asked whether agreed was suffering greatly. "No longer", he replied. He died simple few minutes before 2 a.m. He was 39.
Those inhabit at the deathbed appear practice have included his sister Ludwika, Fr. Aleksander Jełowicki,[131] Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, significant his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's lay by or in Clésinger made Chopin's death mask